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The Kinetoplastida includes many parasitic organisms that cause disease in humans. Typically, cells have many small mitochondria, as opposed to one large one. Organisms in the Kinetoplastida share the unique characteristic of having a single, much enlarged and elongated, mitochondrion. Phylum KinetoplastidaĬlosely related to the Euglenida, the Kinetoplastida are also protected by a pellicle, although it is made exclusively of microtubules. Others obtain food from dissolved nutrients in the environment, while still others are parasitic. Some organisms in the Euglenida are photosynthetic, and contain chloroplasts. It is composed of strips of proteins, which interlock for support. The pellicle is a shell of sorts that exists beneath the cell membrane. The Euglenida are a phylum of protozoa recognized by the pellicle that gives them shape and the flagella which they use for locomotion. Part of the reason there is so much diversity in this domain is that the phyla are not closely related. While this represents a wide variety of them, it is not close to all of them.

There are many phyla in the Domain Protista. Simple protozoa, in high numbers, can cause muscle paralysis and respiratory failure in humans, possibly leading to death. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is the caused by dinoflagellate toxins in high concentration. Fish, crustaceans, and mollusks that eat the bloom may store the toxins in their tissues and become poisonous to people who eat them. When congregated in enormous densities, this neurotoxin can paralyze and kill almost any organism in the bloom. Unfortunately for any organism that passes through the bloom, dinoflagellates produce a toxin. If a bloom produces enough dinoflagellates, the ocean water will become pink or even red because of their density.

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Groups of dinoflagellates that are free swimming can undergo drastic periods of reproduction, known as blooms. The Dinoflagellates are a group of protozoa that exist mainly as free-swimming unicellular organisms, while other exist symbiotically within certain invertebrates. Red TideĪn interesting phenomena in the ocean is also caused by another phylum of protozoa. This makes Plasmodium and other parasitic Apicomplexans very hard to kill, as the blood cells would have to be destroyed as well. This special group of organelles, known as the apical complex, allows the parasitic protozoa to hide within blood cells. They find an uninfected red blood cell, and use a special combination of organelles at the end of their cell to force the cell to draw the parasite in. The unicellular protozoans enter the bloodstream of humans during a mosquito bite. This particular protozoa carries out life cycles in both the digestive systems of mosquitos, and in human blood cells. Malaria is caused by several protozoa in the genus Plasmodium. It is estimated that malaria kills three million people a year, half of which are young children.

Malaria is a disease that effects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, every year. Although only heterotrophic organisms were considered protozoa historically, this article will present many of the phyla within Protista that can photosynthesize sugars. Some phyla in the Kingdom Protista are autotrophic cells, containing chloroplasts which can produce sugars from sunlight. Many have complex cellular division that resembles binary fission in bacteria, on a larger scale.

While all protozoa are eukaryotes, not all reproduce with the standard model of mitosis that is seen in higher animal cells. Today, these heterotrophic protozoa are lumped together with the autotrophic algae and other simple forms of life into the Kingdom Protista. The name “protozoa” has a dynamic history, at one time including only the “animal-like” unicellular forms of life. Although the different phyla of the kingdom Protista are not closely related, they are nonetheless classified together because of their large differences from the other kingdoms of plants, animals and fungi. Therefore, protozoa fit into the Domain Eukarya. Organisms known as protozoa include a wide range of organisms, most of which are free-living single-celled eukaryotes.